Economic Development During The Post War Period Of...

Economic Develop is a term that is commonly used to describe the process whereby simple low-income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies. (Krueger). It includes the policies and practices a country uses, (i.e. environmental issues, educational standards, gross domestic product, (per capita), healthcare levels, infrastructure and the availability of housing), to progress the economic, political, and societal good of its people and generally surmises and describes changes within a country’s economy; in terms of assets, incomes, savings and socioeconomic structure. There are generally two pivotal classifications of determinant components that stimulus the economic development of a country. They are; ïÆ'Ëœ Economic Factors, (i.e. capital development, natural resources, oversupply of marketable agriculture, foreign trade restrictions and economic approaches). ïÆ'Ëœ Non-Economic Factors, (i.e. depravity, social organization, diplomatic autonomy, education, technology and human capital). Economic development originated in the post war period of reconstruction initiated by the United States. â€Å"In 1949, during his inaugural speech, President Harry Truman identified the development of undeveloped areas as a priority for the west More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate, they are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. 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However, f ifteen years after the liberationRead MorePre and Post Reconstruction Period – Politics, Economic and Social Effects2107 Words   |  9 Pages History 2301-SA01 – United States History to 1877 Instructor: 18 July 2011 Pre and Post Reconstruction Period – Politics, Economic and Social Effects This research paper is intended to explain in general terms some of the political, economics and social effects America dealt with during the Pre and Post Reconstruction Period. During the last years of the Civil War, as Union forces moved closer to victory and millions of former slaves became free, Americans began to think about

Importance of Injection Technique

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Injection Technique. Answer: As per authors viewpoint proper intramuscular injection technique can even result in better health outcome as well as control over the overuse of injection treatments. Through this study, author proved that optimizing insulin injection technique could lead to lower the blood glucose level in diabetic patients within the time duration of three months. As per authors viewpoint optimizing injection technique involves proper site selection; better equipments (4mm needle) and giving individualized injection training (IT) to the patients. The research involved a study on blood glucose level of 346 diabetic patients after providing them individualized training (IT) on insulin injection technique. The results of the research indicated a huge reduction in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and daily insulin dosage of same patients after 3 months. Further, most of the patient clearly indicated about their recognition on proper injection technique and its importance on the overall health. The study is purely primary research that can help to generate quantitative data for proving that correct injection site in injection technique can implement positive health outcomes. However, the study has a limitation of small sample size and experiment duration that is also limited to 3 months and one-time implementation to generate effective results. As per my viewpoint, this study can help me to explain the importance of correct site selection in intramuscular injection with the help of experiment. This research will provide a justified and experimentally proven support to my study matter. This study explains the importance of proper injection technique for treating diabetes. The author explains the proper injection site selection, use of skin folds, needle length and injection site rotation are some processes that are required to be proper in injection technique. As per author, incorrect injection in diabetic patient can lead to hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. The study findings provide a proper knowledge on correct site selection, the problem with injection sites, safe administration of insulin and problems like lipohypertrophy while administrating the diabetic patient. As per this article study, injection technique is similarly important as injecting agent itself to cure diabetes. This article is useful to study the importance of choosing correct injection site in injection technique as well as study the consequences of incorrect injection sites in treating diabetes. This study involves a literature review on different researches that show the impact of proper injection site on health outcomes as well as problems created by improper injection technique. As per my viewpoint, this study will work as a good source of literature to study my research topic and collect proper evidence that prove that selecting correct injection site is an important factor for intramuscular injection technique for treatment of diabetes. As per authors viewpoint injection technique has bought a revolution in the diabetes treatment process where insulin, glucagon etc. agents work effectively to control blood glucose level. But, still, the defect in injection technique restrict the therapeutic effectiveness due to improper injection site selection and other factors. Therefore, the study provides detailed guidelines for patients and healthcare professionals about proper intramuscular injection technique by Forum for Injection technique (FIT) India. The research adopts the professional process where 13 health-care professionals, 75 Indian clinicians and 6 subcontinent clinicians reviewed provided recommendations. The research findings were recommendations about proper pre-injection assessment, pre-injection counselling, injection storage, device selection, and device use and injection site selection followed by detailed injection technique and troubleshooting in the injection process. Further, barriers insulin therapy were also determined in the study to get detailed information. This study is useful to understand the importance of proper injection technique that involves determining the proper site for injection as per recommendations provided by FIT India. However, I can use this research as a part of literature source to highlight that proper injection technique having proper site selection can implement better health outcomes. I can also use the provided recommendations to detail the importance of proper injection technique and site selection for treating diabetes. Bibliography Grassi, G., Scuntero, P., Trepiccioni, R., Marubbi, F., Strauss, K. (2014). Optimizing insulin injection technique and its effect on blood glucose control.Journal of Clinical Translational Endocrinology,1(4), 145-150. Pledger, J., Hicks, D., Kirkland, F., Down, S. (2012). Importance of injection technique in diabetes.Journal of Diabetes Nursing,16(4), 160-5. Kalra, S., Balhara, Y. P. S., Baruah, M. P., Chadha, M., Chandalia, H. B., Chowdhury, S., ... Sahay, R. (2012). Forum for injection techniques, India: The first Indian recommendations for best practice in insulin injection technique.Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism,16(6), 876.

Womens Status in Anglo-Saxon England free essay sample

Religious sources tell that religious women gained a favored position in church hierarchy and was regarded relatively equal with men in the early period, but their influence declined. Law codes offer a relatively complete picture of the status of women, and they indicate a gradual rise of women’s legal status throughout Anglo-Saxon period. Therefore, while it is hard to say that the Anglo-Saxon period of English history was a golden age for women in the Middle Ages, it is safe to say that the status of secular woman reaches a high point at the end of this period. Narrative sources are valuable since it One important sources that reveals the role of women is narrative sources. Most of these texts emphases on â€Å"great women† who had some impacts on Anglo-Saxon history, and thus do not cover all the women. However, it is valuable to examine the status of women, especially the noble, because it reveals the extant of activities that are available to women in public, political as well as religious field. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Status in Anglo-Saxon England or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Anglo Saxon Chronicle reveals that the Anglo-Saxon society gives noble women the widest liberty to participate in warfare and politics. For example, in 672, â€Å"Cenwealh, and his queen Seaxburg reigned on year after him. In the seventh century, Cynethryth, the wife of Offa, was an influential queen who had issued coins in her name. In the tenth century, the daughter of Alfred the Great, Aethelflaed married to Ethelred, the ealdorman of Merica. She was the effective power in the land during her husband’s illness and after his death in 911. Aethelfaed carried out a series of military campaigns that pushing back the borders or her land taken by Dane, and laid the foundations of a united English kingdom. At her death in 918, she left a daughter, Aelfwyn, to succeed her. The Chronicle records Aethelflaed’s military victories in such a detached tone that it might suggest that the Anglo-Saxon society was not surprised by the role of women as to lead the nation. Another important narrative accounts that reveal the status of Anglo-Saxon women is Tacitus’s Germania. This text is valuable because it presents a broader view of Germania women instead of some â€Å"representative† as in most other narrative resources, and even though the Anglo-Saxon culture might be different from that observed by Tacitus, his account nevertheless gives us some inspirations about the role of Anglo-Saxon women. Tacitus reveals the high status of women in domestic field. For example, he says â€Å"These are each man’s most sacred witnesses, these are his greatest supporters; It is to their mothers and to their wives that they bring their wounds, and the women do not quake to count or examine their gashes, and they furnish sustenance and encouragement to their fighters. † Moreover, men â€Å"neither reject their advice nor scorn their forecasts. † Germanic women offered the greatest comforts to their sons and husbands and inspired their valour in wars, and they won respect at home and could influence their husbands’ thoughts. Religious sources reveals that women such as Hild, Leoba and countless other nuns and abbesses played important roles in the early church. In Anglo-Saxon period, Nunnery is a place of education and debate, and nuns, many of them of noble birth, are educated women. They received respect and worked with their male colleagues in teaching, writing and translating religious texts. For example, the correspondences between Boniface and Leoba in the eighth century demonstrated the active and respected role of women in church. Leoba accompanied Boniface to pray in German, and their letters reveals the equal respect and warm affection between male and female colleagues and the nuns’ desire to preach. Bede in his book The Ecclesiastical History of the English People records the high –born women who attain high position the church hierarchy. An example of such woman was abbess Hild of Whitby, who was the daughter of Hereric, king Edwin’s nephew. Hild was a great administrator, educator and counselor. She ruled a double monastery composed of men as well as women; She established an educational system that produced five bishops; she acted as advisors that â€Å"so great was her prudence that not only ordinary folk, but kings and princes, used to come and ask her counsel when in difficulties. † Therefore, these narrative sources reveal that at least there was a time in Anglo-Saxon period that women could gain high positions in church, and religious women enjoyed a relatively equal position with their male colleagues. Literary sources reveal a complex picture of the status of women. Beowulf and the wife’s lament shows that women were confined to the roles assigned to them by their culture. Noble women sometimes could not take control of their own destinies, and they became victims of marriage alliance. Anglo-Saxon society is a warrior society where violence occurred frequently, women, especially the nobles were also sent by their kindred or nations as â€Å"peace-weavers† to avoid blood revenge between hostile nations. Such marriage alliance might end wars and bring peace, but if it does not work, these women were placed in tragic dilemmas. In Beowulf, queen Wealtheow was a â€Å"peace-weaver† and her presence alleviates the hatred between two previously hostile countries. She was able to exert a great influence in promoting peace and keep the social harmony. However, in Wife’s Lament, the wife might be a victim of marriage alliance because her lords kinsmen did not want the couple to be reunited and devised plans to keep them on opposite sides of the wide world. The continued separation left the wife heartbroken and longing for her husband. Therefore, these two literary sources present another side of female roles in Anglo-Saxon society. Noble women were sent by their kindred as alliance-makers and had little authority over their lives. The law codes reflects the customs of Anglo-Saxon society and because they aimed at the population as a while. They offer a relatively thorough picture of women’s rights and obligation. Early in Anglo-Saxon period, the law code shows that women’s marriage is more like a purchase. In Aethelbert’s law code 77, it says â€Å"if a man buys a maiden, the bargain shall stand, if there is no dishonesty. Thus marriage was an arrangement in which women had no voice. Later in this period, Cnut passed a law forbidding forced marriage(II Cnut 74). He says that a woman cannot be forced to marry a man she dislike. another, anonymous laws concerning women’s marriage appearing in two twelfth-century manuscript collections of laws forcefully says that women must agree to thei r marriage arrangement. Therefore, that women has some voices in their marriage process in later period shows that they were able to make their decision in life and were not fully dependent on their family. Another great concern associate with women is sexual offence. Women received a harsh penalty on female adultery. While men paid money for their infidelity, women received mutilation (2 Cnut 53). However, even though there exists a considerable inequality in the punishment of sexual offences, Anne L. Klinck argued that severe penalty for female adultery has a long tradition, and mutilation is an alleviation of previous death penalty. Law in later period shows that women could clear themselves from potential complicity in unlawful acts committed by their husband. According to Cnut (II Cnut 76) the wife is required to allow her husband to bring anything he wants to their cottage, but if he bring stolen goods, the wife would not be charged unless the stolen things are found in a place under her lock. Moreover, another later laws claim that a woman who refused to participate in her husband’s illegal activities avoid punishment and received share of their property in marriage as rewards. These laws allows a woman to clear herself, and they shows that women were becoming less subject to male authority in the late Anglo-Saxon period. The law shows that widows gained more rights than any other martial class, and their status improved throughout Anglo-Saxon period. In Aethelberh’s law, compensation was paid for violation of the mund of a widow of the nobility, and it was also extended to widows of the next three classes. Moreover, the laws indicated that if a man takes a widow who does not belong to him, double the value of the mund shall be paid. The large compensation to be paid for violating their mund shows the particular protection that widow received. However, such payment went to her kindred instead of the woman herself. In the later law codes of Aethelred, widows were placed under the protection from church and state. For example, in VI Aethelred 39, it states â€Å"if anyone injures a nun or does violence to a widow, he shall make amends to the utmost of his ability both toward church and state. † Such distant protection helps the widows get rid of direct male control, and thus allow them to attain more independence in their lives. The law protected a woman’s property rights upon the death of her husband if children were born in their marriage. According to Aethelberht’s law, a woman who kept the children could receive half of the couple’s property after the death of her husband. Ine’s law indicated that six shilling be given every year for support of the children. Besides those benefits, widows’ kindred could maintain the late husband’s house for widow and her children until each child reach maturity. With their inherited property, widows were becoming attractive marriage prospects and were able to start a new life. Business documents shows that women could own and dispose of their property. In the dispute between Wynflaed and Leofwin (990), Wynflaed bring her case to court and attempt to recover an estate seized by Leofwine. She won the lawsuit. Such case provided the holding of property by women in late period, but it seem that women needed a strong support from a powerful male to settle the lawsuit. Moreover, several marriage contrasts in late Anglo-Saxon period indicated the rise of women’s basic rights. In one Kentish marriage agreement dating from the first quarter of the eleventh century, the lady received immediate endowment of a very plentiful kind, and succeeds to the whole property if she outlives her husband. Moreover, the Anglo-Saxon will shows that in late period, widows had gained certain control over landed property. Since they are only allow to inherit movable property in Aethelberht’s time, the rights to inherit real property offers them more financial independence and allows them to exert more power as to sue in court, as well as conduct transactions with their property. However, business documents reveals an incomplete picture of the legal status of women. First of all, the charters and wills usually were made by noble women. Besides, on the even of Norman arrival, no more than five percent of total hidage of ladn recorded was in the women, and of that five percent, 80-85% was in the hands of only eight women. women are still in an inferior position and their opportunity of accessing real property was rare. Moreover, even for the women who grant plenty of land, it might not under their disposal if their family ties the succession with future inheritance, and regards the woman as conduit of land rather than as heirs. An example is Aelfgar in the mid tenth century. Aelfgar left considerable real property to his two daughters, but tied them to her grand-children. The case suggests the manipulation of female inheritance in political ways. Therefore, women’s landholding and inheritance practice might fail to provide strong evidence for the status of women in Anglo-Saxon society. Anglo-Saxon period cover five hundred years in English history, and woman’s role evolve gradually. The available narrative and literary resources concerned mainly noble women, and their description of these women varies individually. Religious sources shows a general high status of religious women in Anglo-Saxon society.

Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal

Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal Background information Vancouver riot was experienced during a match between the Canucks, Boston and Bruins in competition for the Stanley Cup. It was during the finals when Boston Bruins won 4-0 over the Canucks that the youths became violent, burning down buildings and vehicles and even injuring fellow human beings (CBC News).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is not a surprise to see youngsters rioting after a match, and in the process, engaging in acts that eventually lead to regrets, History, overtime, has  confirmed this to be a normal occurrence after such an incidence is experienced in various places of the globe (Stepney). This has resulted into research carried out with the sole purpose of identifying whether there could be some kind of abnormality associated with the form of behaviors that are part of the rioting that usually lead to massive losses for both property and human life. Results conclude that this is normal as it has so many factors contributing to it such as alcohol and mob reasoning that tends to interfere with an individual’s normal reasoning. According to CBC News many people are always left wondering how young and sound youth should engage in such actions that result into a lot of harm that costs their outstanding reputation to the public and, even in extreme cases, leading to loss of job and rejection (Smith 1). However, considering all the possibilities that are responsible for such moves, it becomes sensible to conclude that they are quite normal occurrences that are to be expected especially in crowded areas. It is this very same reason that qualifies the Vancouver riots normal incident. Reasons behind considering Vancouver riots normal Just like Smith (2) argues, it becomes difficult for people to reason out well once they are in a group, in such cases the limbic system is le ft to operate instead of the frontal lobe that is responsible for proper reasoning. At this point, the involved crowds usually act out of emotions, which can be either negative or positive. The ultimate results for the actions involved entirely depend on the kind of emotions that drive the crowd. More often, emotional activities such as sports that entail screams, shouts and other sorts of noise, which can serve as stimuli, lead to the former part of the brain functional, thus leading into some kind of reaction such as riots. Individuals stop thinking as they should and act as groups; this is dangerous as people involve themselves into intolerable acts unlike if they are on their own.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Group brain is risky at a time because people make subliminal moves without reflecting on the consequences.  As illustrated during the Vancouver riots, Nathan, young man from a well- off background, is captured by the media in the very act of burning a police vehicle and later apologizes for his own conduct (Smith1). Such cases are often, which can lead people  in  committing unethical activities. The effect of group brain is that it transforms an individual. For instance, when such rioting groups are separated, they tend to reason in the appropriate manner, meaning that their frontal lobe is at work. This gives an answer as to why the members involved during the Vancouver riots came out apologizing for their behavior as an individual (Smith 1). Smith continues to talk of dispersing people before they form groups also attempting to cause distraction that help them not to stray from their normal reasoning as measures to ensure peace during an event such as sports (Smith). According to Davis (348), usually a crowd is a group or gathering, with no organized structure, it comprises of assembly of people in real -time with e ach member having an individualistic benefit. Crowds become socially united by virtue of being physically together, and as such, any happening within the vicinity can influence them to act in a very crude manner. Crowds do not have any set goals and even have no future expectations of coming back together; this gives an explanation as to why they will always act without reason, leading to massive destructions. Usually, no distinction can be made between individuals because they all tend to have a similar reasoning, this makes what happened at Vancouver a normal phenomenon. Influence is also another factor that can lead to violent behavior. Influence is so powerful that no one wants to be rejected by friends or feel out of place. For this reason, people comply with any type of behavior, however, unethical it is (Pendry). According to Stepney alcohol is the leading source of behavioral variation in human beings; this is because it affects the body chemistry leading to a change for adr enaline produced. This has an impact on how the brain works. Alcohol and nutrition also have some impact on the way the prefrontal cortexes works.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This part of the brain develops much later in life. Thus, owing to the fact that people actively involved in the riot were teenagers, it gives a guarantee of their limbic system at work thus leading them to make decisions and act out of emotions. The point that these youngsters were drunk and had a poor diet gives an additional confirmation that the riot was just a normal occurrence. Efforts by the police to close bars and other liquor source did not bear fruits as they had already taken it. Apart from alcohol, passion is also a significant stakeholder in riots. This is in the sense that all individuals in the group have a team to support. The success or failure of the group support will undoubtedly lead to some kind of reaction being negative or positive. It is this combination of reactions, which can lead to brutality. In an event, of trying to support a team; one has a passion for and has invested time, money and energy. After loss by the home team during the Vancouver event, fans were subjected into stress, which is a further trigger for emotions. True to Smith’s argument, on the maturity of the brain, the young children and grownups left the scene after they sensed some kind of threat that could result from their home team defeat thus leaving the youths behind who eventually succumbed to their emotions thus causing chaos. In other cases, spectators trigger, or attempt to provoke fans making them crazy eventually resulting into violence (Smith 5). According to Smith, this event was quite normal. Because, the reactions that  led  into such actions were distinct. To them, emotions have a big role in controlling ones actions bec ause they affect brains normal functioning thus influencing the manner in which one reasons. Smith (4) gives fire as an important impulse that arouses emotions. This supports Vancouver riot as normal because it is just immediately after a fire outbreak that the crowds turned violent leading to more and more fire set ups, destruction of property such as breaking of buildings glass windows and a lot of looting. Fire flames are believed to cause some kind of fear and as such some kind of reactions are expected. Vancouver riot was not the first one to be seen or heard of, there are such more incidences reported all over the globe whereby a lot of damage for both property and human life is encountered. Such riots include those encountered during the European Cup Final in 1985, 2000 South Africa- Zimbabwe match, 2000 American championship and many more. In all these riots, fans acted without reasoning just like after the Vancouver finals (Stepney). Contrary to the above-discussed reasons is the idea that some percentage of men went to the field with the intention of causing chaos, and they were there just to start something like setting a vehicle on fire so that they induce others (Smith 4). Their aim was to create havoc in order to get a chance for looting and engage in other animalistic actions.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion It is in order to conclude that when a group of people comes together without a common goal to achieve; social crimes such as riots are likely to occur. Many factors come into play such as the above-mentioned including group brain, passion, alcohol and many more. Brains at work during such moments are not the right ones due to some kind of stimulation. Individuals do not reason out on their own while in a crowd as such, their reasoning is usually impaired resulting into unexpected actions that cause regrets at the end of the day. It is in order to claim the riots at Vancouver a normal happening because all the possible factors leading to such behavior were in place. CBC News. Riots Erupt in Vancouver after Canucks Loss. 2011. Web. Davis, Kingsley. Human Society. New York, the Macmillan Company, 1933. Pendry,Louise. Carrick, Rachael. Doing What The Mob Do: Priming Effects on Conformity. European journal of social psychology, (31), pp. 83-92 Smith, Charlie. Evolutionary Bi ology, the Prefrontal Cortex, and the Stanley Cup Riot in Vancouver, 2011, Web. Stepney, Chloe. Christian Science Monitor: Vancouver Riot and 5 Other Infamous Melees in Sports History, 2011, Web.

Writing a Pitch

Writing a Pitch Writing a Pitch Writing a Pitch By Maeve Maddox Those of you planning to enter the Amazon/Penguin Fiction Contest have probably written your pitch by now. Every novelist, sooner or later, must give some thought to the pitch. Like a synopsis a pitch must presentin a short space if written, in a few minutes if spokenan overall description of the novel: main character/s, main conflict, main plot twists, and resolution. The pitch contains additional information about targeted audience and marketability. The Amazon/Penguin contest is expected to draw as many as 10,000 submissions. The 10,000 will be cut to 2,000 on the basis of 300-word pitches. Even if you dont plan to enter, you may find the contest criteria useful in planning the pitch you will eventually need if youre writing a novel. The 300-word contest pitches are expected to give judges a clear idea of the following aspects of the submitted novel: overall strength plot development character development originality of idea writing style intended market how the book fits within this market why the reader would want to read the novel The contents of a pitch are the same as what goes into a query letter. Good luck to those of you planning to enter. Any of our readers who entered last year may want to offer last minute tips. Guidelines for writing a fiction query letter Breakthrough Novel Contest site Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadStory Writing 101Oppose and Opposed To

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medication Administration Case Study Essay

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medication Administration Case Study - Essay Example cases, the charges are being considered by the state, whereas in the third case, the nurse who made the error was sentenced to the probation of two years. I would take the position with the plaintiffs in the first and third case. Whatever the case is, it is the responsibility of the health providers to provide best medical services to the patients and with full care and attention. Patients come to health providers for medical care. They do not expect such blunders from them which can even take their lives. Therefore, charges should be made against the people involved in medical errors to make them and others aware of the consequences of showing negligence, as well as to make them feel their responsibility. However, in the second case, the pharmacy technician should be held responsible because he/she was the one who stocked incorrect medicine for infants. All three errors made in the cases described in the article could have been prevented if the clinical staff would have shown some responsibility. For example, in the first case, the person responsible for providing the medical care should have checked the patient at the right time instead of letting her wait for a long time. It is clear that she forgot to check her within time because making a patient wait for almost two hours does not make any sense. In the second case, the chances of prevention of error were less because nurses usually use the medicine stored in the right places. Pharmacy technician could have prevented this error by placing the right medicine at the right place. Moreover, in the third case, the error could have been prevented if a senior gynecologist would have supervised the medical procedure instead of letting the nurse perform the complex medical procedure on her own. In the first case, the primacy of the needs of patients surrounds the case because a nurse should feel the responsibility of providing correct care to the patient at the correct time. Section 2.1 (primacy of the patient’s

Philosophy of Assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Assessment - Term Paper Example This essay considers my personal philosophy of assessment. One of the primary considerations I recognize in terms of assessment is developing a means of judging student participation and effort throughout the marking periods and course. One of the primary challenges I had when originally considering assessment was the nature of developing assessment strategies that are student specific, or measure objective standards of comprehension. While ideally classrooms are constituted by students of the same level of achievement, in reality this is not always the case. Early in my teaching career I recognized that I would have to make the difficult decision of requiring all students to achieve the same level of achievement. From this foundational level I then began to design assessment strategies that required students to achieve an objective standard of accomplishment. In these regards, I have been greatly influenced by constructivist theory of assessment, specifically a text Understanding by Design. This text contends that assessment should be designed from a top-down structure with the end goal in mind. Working from this theory, each semester I considered the ultimate objective for the course and then worked back from that in developing assessment strategies that would work as standards bearers for the marking period. Still, I recognize that this approach to assessment should only be used to construct a general approach to curriculum development. As is later demonstrated, the most effective instruction and assessment will consider the learner’s background knowledge and phenomenological grasp of the learning material in developing dynamic and multi-varied assessment mechanisms. In addition to these constructivist approaches to assessment, I have become more directly acquainted with direct methods of assessment. It’s indicated that one of the primary such means of demonstrating direct assessment strategies is through the teacher’s active involvement in student learning. In these regards, â€Å"the teacher a) presents information, b) develops concepts through lecture, c) requires students to recite or respond to questions, d) provides feedback and reteaching as necessary† (Payne 63). In terms of my own assessment strategies, I implement direct methods in a variety of ways. After determining the end of course objective I would then break down the marking period into manageable units (chapters). Within each of these units (chapters) there would be a final exam and quizzes. The quizzes were implemented in large part as a means of motivating students to remain consistent with scholastic work throughout the chapter. In these regards, oftentimes I approached quiz grades with a more lenient approach than I did the chapter tests. The student quiz scores also functioned to aid me in identifying areas of student progress that are more in need of attention. Indeed, student quiz assessment was a learning process for the students as well, giving them an early idea of elements of the text that they must further study. With the final exam then students had to demonstrate their mastery of the material. Rather than functioning as a learning aid, the final exam existed solely for the purpose of measuring the student’s achievement in relation to the objective progress they made within the specific unit. Through research I have discovered a